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Solar power in Israel refers to the use of solar energy in Israel, which began in the early days of the state. In the 1950s, Levi Yissar developed a solar water heater to address the energy shortages that plagued the new country.〔Petrotyranny by John C. Bacher, David Suzuki, published by Dundurn Press Ltd., 2000; Page 70 ()〕 By 1967 around one in twenty households heated its water with the sun and 50,000 solar heaters had been sold.〔 With the 1970s oil crisis, Harry Zvi Tabor, the father of Israel's solar industry, developed the prototype of the solar water heater now used in over 90% of Israeli homes.〔(At the Zenith of Solar Energy ), Neal Sandler,''BusinessWeek'', March 26, 2008.〕 Israeli engineers have been at the cutting edge of solar energy technology〔(Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology ), Linda Gradstein, ''National Public Radio'', October 22, 2007.〕 and its solar companies work on projects around the world.〔(Looking to the sun ), Tom Parry, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, August 15, 2007.〕 However, even though Israeli engineers have been involved in both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power, the Israeli companies which have become market leaders in their respective fields have all been involved in concentrated solar power. Some notable examples of this are BrightSource, Solel and Brenmiller Energy which all deal with utility scale projects. With no oil reserves and the country's tenuous relations with its oil-rich neighbors, the search for a stable source of energy is a national priority.〔(Solar Energy in Israel ), David Faiman for the Jewish Virtual Library.〕〔 Solar technology in Israel has advanced to the point where it is almost cost-competitive with fossil fuels.〔 The high annual incidence of sunshine in the Negev Desert has spurred an internationally renowned solar research and development industry.〔 At the end of 2008, a feed-in tariff scheme was approved which has led to many residential and commercial solar energy power station projects. Israel's goal is to produce ten percent of the country's energy from renewable sources by 2020.〔(Born-again Ziontist revolutionizing solar energy field, Haaretz )〕 == History and development == In 1949, prime minister David Ben-Gurion offered Harry Zvi Tabor a job on the 'physics and engineering desk' of the Research Council of Israel, which he accepted. His first task was to create an Israeli national laboratory to create standards amongst the different measurements in use in the country, primarily British, Ottoman and metric.〔(Bright ideas ), Ehud Zion Waldoks, ''Jerusalem Post'', October 1, 2008.〕〔(Harry Zvi Tabor ), Cleveland Cutler, Encyclopedia of the Earth, 2007.〕 Once the laboratory was established, he focused on solar energy for research and development. Solar energy was particularly attractive for two reasons. First was the abundance and strength of the sun's rays on Israeli land. Israel's geographic latitude location is on the 30th parallel north, where the annual incident solar irradiance is 2000 kWh per sq.m.〔 Second, Israeli land lacks oil, and the conflicts with its neighbors made the procurement of a stable source of energy a national priority. In particular, it is argued that the best defense against missile attack felling the national power grid would be to build a distributed power network, which would mean solar fields of 25–50 megawatts across Israel.〔(The solar vote ), Yosef I. Abramowitz and David Lehreer, ''Haaretz'', November 2, 2008.〕 Early in the 1950s, Tabor began to examine why solar installations were inefficient. He eventually devised ‘selective black surfaces’, which his team at the National Physical Laboratory modified using nickel and chrome methods to blacken metals. These surfaces, which became known as Tabor surfaces, are particularly effective at trapping heat for use in solar water heaters.〔Infrared Technology Fundamentals, by Monroe Schlessinger, Irving J. Spiro; CRC Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8247-9259-9; reference is at page 68 ()〕 Tabor and French immigrant Lucien Bronicki developed a small solar power unit, the Organic Rankine cycle turbine, for developing countries with problematic power grids.〔〔(Israeli Section of the International Solar Energy Society ), edited by Gershon Grossman, Faculty of Mechanical Energy, Technion, Haifa; Final draft.〕 It was designed to neutralize the maintenance issues of reciprocating engines so it had only one moving part, the rotor. A 3 kWe prototype was exhibited at the 1961 United Nations Conference on New Sources of Energy in Rome, but it failed to find commercial success.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Solar power in Israel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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